Student struggle: Students struggle to anticipate how interconnected systems respond to disruptions and to balance competing priorities when recommending solutions.

Thinking practiced: Thinking under uncertainty and judgment through risk analysis, evaluating trade-offs, and making justified recommendations.

Activity: Students examine a fictional custom-computer manufacturer's supply chain, identify operational risks, and recommend improvements while considering business constraints.

Student struggle: Students confuse correlation with causation and may accept conclusions without examining the evidence.

Thinking practiced: Evaluating claims, identifying alternative explanations, and recognizing missing information.

Activity: Students investigate a news-style claim about coffee consumption and exam performance, identify missing evidence, and explain whether the claim is justified.